Note 1: Reviews the basic C++ code statements from CSCI 504

Text Book: Programming in C++ (Chapter 1 to Chapter 13)

Data Type Table:

Data Type	Byte	Digits	Range Value
char	1		-128 ~ 127
unsigned char	1		0 ~ 255
short	2	5	-32,768 ~ 32,767
unsigned short	2	5	0 ~ 65,535
int	2 / 4	5	-32,768 ~ 32,767
unsigned int	2 / 4	5	0 ~ 65,535
long	4	10	-2,147,483,648 ~ 2,147,483,647
unsigned long	4	10	0 ~ 4294967295
float	4	≈ 7 / 8	3.4 x 10^-38~ 3.4 x 10^38
double	8	≈ 15	1.7 x 10^-308~ 1.7 x 10^308
Long double	10	≈ 19	3.4 x 10^-4932 ~ 1.1 x 10^4932

Input Data and Output Data:

Input data:

cin >> variable; //Read input value for variable

cin.get(ch); //Read input value (one character) for ch

cin.ignore(100, ‘\n’); //Skip characters in the input stream

cin.getline(inputStr, 100); //Read and stores an entire input line

getline(cin, inputStr,100); //Read and stores an entire input line

Output data:

cout << “Variable is “ << variable; //Print out “Variable is “ and value of variable

File Input and Output:

#include<fstream> //Header file for file stream

Input to file:

ifstream inData; //Declaring file stream for input to file

inData.open(“walk.dat”); //Open file walk.dat in current directory

inData.close( ); //Close the file

Output to file:

ofstream outData; //Declaring file stream for output to file

outData.open(“a:\\results.dat”); //Open file results.dat in a drive (a:\\) directory

outData.close( ); //Close the file

Conditions Control Statements:

If statements:

if (expression) //Expression controls the program to enter statement1

//or statemetn2

statement1;

else

statement2;

Nested if statements:

if (expression1) //Expression1 controls the program to enter statement1

statement1;

else if (expression2) //Expression2 controls the program to enter statement2

statement2;

else if (expression3) //Expression3 controls the program to enter statement3

statement3;

.

.

else //Other conditions the program enter statementN;

statementN;

Switch statements:

switch(variable) //Using variable’s value to choose which statements for

//the program to enter

{

case 1: statement1;

break;

case 2: statement2;

break;

.

.

default: statementN;

}

Looping:

While statement:

//Condition expression is true do the statemets until it is fault to end the loop

while (condition expression)

{

statements;

}

Do … while statement:

//Do statements once then check condition expression; if condition expression is

//true do the statements again until it is fault to end the loop

do

{

statements;

}while (condition expression);

For statement:

//Enter the for loop first initilaize variables, then check condition expression; if it

//is true enter the for loop do the statements, then do expression; until it is fault to

//end the loop

for(initialize; condition expression; expression)

{

statements;

}

Functions:

Function Prototype:

void FunctionName (Argument List); //void funciton which is not return value

datatype FunctionName(Argument List); //datatype function which is return same

//datatype value

Fuction Call:

FunctionName(Argument List);

Variable = FunctionName(Argument List); //variable must same data type as

//FunctionName

Function:

void FunctionName(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) //funciton heading

{

statements;

}

short FunctionName(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) //function heading

{

statements;

return value;

}

void Example ( short & parameter1, //a reference parameter

int parameter2, //a value parameter

float parameter3) //another value parameter

The usage of arguments and parameters table

Item	Usage
Argument	Appears in the function call. The corresponding parameter may be either a reference or a value parameter.
Value parameter	Appears in a function heading. Receives a copy of the value of the corresponding argument.
Reference parameter	Appears in a function heading. Receives the address of the corresponding argument.

C++ Operators:

Combined assignment operators:

+ = Add and assign

- = Subtract and assign

* = Multiply and assign

/ = Divide and assign

Increment and decrement operators:

++ Pre-increment Ex: ++variable

++ Post-increment Ex: variable++

- - Pre-decrement Ex: - -variable

- - Post-decrement Ex: variable - -

Bitwise operators (integer operands only):

<< Left shift

>> Right shift

& Bitwise AND

| Bitwise OR

^ Bitwise EXCLUSIVE OR

~ Complement (invert all bits)

More combined assignment operators (integer operands only):

%= Modulus and assign

<<= Shift left and assign

>>= Shift right and assign

&= Bitwise AND and assign

| = Bitwise OR and assign

^ = Bitwis EXCLUSIVE OR and assign

Other operators:

( ) Cast

sizeof Size of operand in bytes Form: sizeof Expr or sizeof (Type)

? : Conditional operator Form: Expr1 ? Expr2 : Expr3

Operator Precedence (highest to lowest)

Operator	Associativity	Note
( ) ++ - -	Left to right Right to left	Function call and function-styple cast ++ and - - as postfix operators
++ - - ! Unary + Unary – (cast) sizeof	Right to left Right to left	++ and - - as prefix operators
* / %	Left to right
+ -	Left to right
< <= > >=	Left to right
= = !=	Left to right
&&	Left to right
| |	Left to right
? :	Right to left
= + = - = * = / =	Right to left

Structure:

Struct Declaration:

struct TypeName //Define structure name and members

{

Datatype MemberName; //Define structure member

Datatype MemberName; //Define structure member

StructType MemberName; //Define structure member

:

};

Structure Delcare and Access Data Method Table:

Structure Type Variable	Structure Delcare	Access Method
Single Structure Variable	student record	record.Last
Structure Array	student record [n]	record [i].Last

Note: student is struct type, record is variable name, record[n] is student type array, Last is member of student structure

Array:

Declaration:

//One-dimensional array

DataType ArrayName[Constant Integer Expression] ;

//Two-dimensional array

DataType ArrayName[ConstIntExpression][ ConstIntExpression] ;

↑ ↑

Rows Columns

Aggregate Operations Table for Array and Structs:

Aggregate Operation	Arrays	Structs
I / O	No(except C strings)	No
Assignment	No	Yes
Arithmetic	No	No
Comparison	No	No
Argument passage	Yes, by reference	Yes, by value or by reference
Return as a function’s return value	No	Yes

Pass by Value and Pass by Reference:

Argument Type Table:

	Pass by Value	Pass by Reference
Constant	X
Variable	X	X
Array Name
Array Elements	X	X
Expression	X
Function Call	X